Universal Human Rights and Cultural Differences

Universal Human Rights and Cultural Differences Since the end of the Second World War, an increasing number of human rights instruments have been adopted, by the United Nations. These instruments have set forth common standards of human rights, and members’ states of the U.N. are called upon to respect in order to ensure better protection of human rights everywhere. But opposite to this trend, there has been a sort of resistance in many parts of the world, where human rights norms are seen as western matter. During the Cool War period, countries of the Soviet block used to consider them as linked to ‘capitalist bourgeoisie’ while young independent nations of the South saw the focus on human rights as a threat to their newly acquired sovereignty. Both sides claimed their right to difference. This raises the issue whether human rights standards should be considered differently because of cultural or differences among peoples. To put it another way, â€Å"are human rights of universal viability and applicability or are they better understood and evaluated within specific social and cultural contexts? What level of social accountability can be accommodated within the emerging global human rights regime to accord it cultural legitimacy within various societies?†1 Voices from the West have pointed out that differences among people did not permit them to meet the Western standards of human rights. It is believed that some cultures are more likely to commit human rights abuses, and for a series of reasons, there are people elsewhere to cover them or to keep silent because of their interest, thus ‘excusing the inexcusable’ which they claim being ‘part of their culture’. The aim of this paper is to sound the long debate on the relationship between universal standards human rights and cultural differences. Firstly, it recalls the foundation on which is grounded the concept of human rights, namely the human dignity, irrespective of culture, race, religion or gender. Secondly, it analyses major arguments put forward by cultural relativists, highlighting their danger, that is, the risk of having double standards of human rights. Finally, in concluding remarks, the paper considers the actual trend of recognizing human rights norms and condemning their abuses (such as female circumcision or sharia), even where people justify them by cultural specificity. I. The universal concept of human rights and the recognition of human dignity The concept of human is grounded on the idea that Man has rights simply because he is human. The universal worth and dignity of human being is founded in the writing of philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. For the former, â€Å"human beings are by nature free, equal and independent†2, and the protection of that freedom and equality should be the end of the political society. Rousseau also insists on the freedom of the human being and writes that Man should never surrender his freedom: â€Å"A man who renounces to his freedom renounces at his quality as human being†. After bloody revolutions, there were attempts to introduce these concepts in states constitution in England, in France, and in the United States of America. But the first recognition of the need to secure rights for human being was stated in the Charter of the United Nations, following the atrocities of the Second World War. In its Preamble, it is said that one of the purpose of the U.N . is the achievement â€Å"international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedom for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion†. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights is the first instrument on human rights in its preamble presented itself as â€Å"a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations†. It went further by stating: â€Å"Recognition of the human dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world†. Subsequent instruments such as the Covenant on Civil and political Rights and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contained what is usually called ‘core rights’ meaning â€Å"that are indispensable for an existence in human dignity and therefore need absol ute protection†. Among those core rights are the right to life, the prohibition of torture, slavery, arbitrary arrest, discrimination or genocide. No derogation from such rights is permitted, even in time of war. The philosophical foundations of the concept of human rights are to be found in the Western Europe. As Robertson and Merrils write, â€Å"it is clear that the mainstream has its origin in the liberal democratic tradition of Western Europe, a tradition which is itself the product of the Greek philosophy, Roman law, the Judeo-Christian tradition, the humanism of the Reformation and the Age of reason†. It means that the Western World translated into international law its philosophical, moral, cultural and religious value. Questions arise therefore as to their universality that is whether it is possible to take into account the differences while focusing on the common standards of human rights. On the other hand, if cultural differences cannot be denied, it is to establish whether differences can be an excuse to human rights abuses. Who will decide the nature and the level of change to meet universal standards of human rights and how avoid to be labelled /or accused of cultural he gemony? For the relativists, moral and cultural values differ from one culture to another. According to Parekh, â€Å"Different societies throw up different systems of moral beliefs depending on such things as their history, traditions, geographical circumstances, and views of the world. We have no means of judging them for there are no objective and universal criteria available for the purpose, and even if there were, we would be too deeply conditioned by our own society to discover them†. Cultural differences may have an influence on the human rights issues where national competence, the sovereignty of the state or the quest of self-determination are opposed to the idea of universal human rights standards. The 1993 Vienna Conference was an example of arena where, universal principle of human rights clashed with relativistic assumptions. At the eve of that important even, African and Asian groups of nations mate to draw their views they intended to put forward at the conference. In the Tunis Declaration, which reflected both their convictions and their expectations, the African group nations gave a different sound. While admitting that the universality of human rights, they declared that â€Å" no ready-made model can be prescribed at the universal level since the historical and cultural realities of each nation and the traditions, standards and values of each people cannot be disregarded†. They also highlighted the â€Å"principle of the indivisibility of huma n rights†: â€Å" Civil and political rights cannot be dissociated from economic, social and cultural rights. None of these rights takes precedence over the others†. Finally, the Tunis Declaration insisted on the link between human rights and economic development: â€Å"Political freedom when not accompanied by respect for economic, social and cultural rights is precarious. The right to development is inalienable. Human rights, development and international peace are interdependent (†¦) Africa, which has chosen the path of democracy, economic reform and the promotion of human rights, in an unfavourable international economic environment, and which finds itself particularly exposed to internal tensions deriving from the failure to meet the basic needs of populations and from the rise of extremism, will nevertheless remain committed to its choices and its responsibilities, and calls upon the international community to do likewise, in particular through an intensific ation of international solidarity, an adequate increase in development assistance and an appropriate settlement of the debt problem†. In the Bangkok Declaration, Asian group of nations opposed what they saw as Western imperialism and urged the international community to take into account their cultural difference as regard to human rights. While agreeing like Africans that human rights are universal in nature, they insisted that those rights â€Å"must be considered in the context of a dynamic and evolving process of international norm-setting, bearing in mind the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds†. Furthermore, they added, â€Å"the promotion of human rights should be encouraged by cooperation and consensus, and not through confrontation and the imposition of incompatible values†. Finally, criticising â€Å"the use of human rights as conditionality for extending development assistance and as an instrument of political pressure†, the Bangkok Declaration stressed â€Å" the need to avoid the application of double sta ndards in the implementation of human rights and its politicisation†. Indonesian Foreign Minister stated later in Vienna: â€Å"While human rights are universal in character, it is now generally acknowledged that their expression and implementation in the national context should remain the competence and responsibility of each government. This means that the complex variety of problems of different economic social and cultural realities and the unique value systems prevailing in each country should be taken into consideration†12. One may draw the conclusion that for Southern countries, priority has to be given to the satisfaction of basic needs for food, shelter, clothes before other rights such as freedom of expression and fair elections. One may even go so far to consider Western concepts of human rights as luxury for poor countries, because â€Å"cultural

The Importance of Learning Organization

L & D Assignment 2: The Importance of Learning Organization A learning organization works with ideas i. e. it comes up with new ideas on all levels, disseminates these new ideas across the organization and finally inculcates these new ideas into operations by embedding them in its policies processes and reviews. It has structured mechanisms and processes put in place to generate knowledge and it takes this new knowledge as a basis of responding to the change in its business environment. A learning organization as per its formal definition is skilled at two things which are as follows: a. Creating, acquiring, interpreting, transferring and retaining knowledge which is relevant to its business processes for enable it to achieve its business objective in an efficient manner. b. ) Acting or modifying its behaviour as an organization to respond to that new knowledge and insights. To be a successful organization one must monitor its processes and make sure that they are efficient. A learni ng organization observes its business processes and learns where it is efficient and where it is not.It encourages organizations to shift to a more interconnected way of thinking. A learning organization has five main features; systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision and team learning. In the article â€Å"Is yours a learning organization† the authors David Garvin and Amy Edmondson described the three building blocks of learning which fosters the creation of a learning organization which are as follows: a. ) A supportive learning environment b. ) A concrete learning processes and practices c. Leadership that reinforces learning Importance of learning organization in current business context: Ray Stata, the confounder and chairman of the board of Analog Devices once quoted â€Å"The rate at which organizations learn may become the only sustainable source of competitive advantage. † In highly competitive current business scenario products and ser vices can easily be copied or emulated by the competitors. Even processes can be copied for example Six sigma is easily available and accessible to anyone for implementation.Thus the only source of sustainable competitive advantage for any organization is rapid pace of learning and the execution of this new knowledge in its internal processes. Furthermore, the current business environment is evolving at a very rapid pace due to globalization, deregulation and evolution of new business paradigms. As an organization the only way to survive and compete in this business environment is to have a rate of learning which is greater than this rate of change of the business environment. Barriers in being a learning organization: The idea of a learning organization is been around for quite some time.The discussion about the learning organization has been around for almost 4 decades but there were certain shortcomings and limitations of in these ideas of learning organizations. As a result of w hich these ideas have failed to bring about little concrete change as they should have. Firstly, the fundamental fallacies with these initial ideas were that they were abstract concepts without concrete prescriptions for actions for the organizations. For an organization to be able to change, it needs to know the steps necessary to solve the problems it faces.Secondly, these initial concepts of learning organization were aimed at the top managements of the organization without including the middle level managers. These managers heading divisions, departments and projects where the real critical work of the organization happens. Their inclusion was very necessary because these are the people who are primarily responsible for generation of business intelligence at the operational level. Thirdly, there was real lack or standards or tools through which the managers can assess how well they were doing on being a learning organization. An Ideal learning organization:The concept of perfect ion is in itself elusive as no individual or organization cannot ever claim to be perfect no matter how good they are. However, the one organization which comes very close to becoming a ideal learning organization is General Electric (GE). Infact, In his last letter to the shareholders Jack Welch wrote that I finally understand why we as an organization are so successful. The reason is that we are an learning organization. They have all three building blocks (processes, environment and leadership) which is prerequisite to become a successful learning organization. Role of management in building Learning Organization:Managers can help their teams have a supportive learning environment. In particular, the concept of psychological safety where the perceive that the workplace environment one that is comfortable for asking questions, making mistakes and floating of new ideas related their job role responsibilities. Basically, the managers facilitate the creation of a workplace environmen t which is conducive to taking personal risks by the employees that it is absolutely essential for learning. The managers should make conscious efforts to help people be comfortable with the risks which are present in the workplace today.So that the employees can engage in the learning processes without fear. Apart from a supportive learning environment the managers can also put in place concrete processes and procedures for experimentation, sharing knowledge and best practices across the organization and ways of reflecting on what we have learned from past expierence. Each of these are systematic processes where companies generate ideas, respond to new knowledge and reflect on what they have already learnt. In some organisations a lack of a learning culture can be a barrier to learning.An environment must be created where individuals can share learning without it being devalued and ignored, so more people can benefit from their knowledge and the individuals becomes empowered. A lea rning organization needs to fully accept the removal of traditional hierarchical structures. As a manager the most ideal way to start implementation of the concept of Learning organization in its organization is to start within his/her own department by modelling the behaviours of learning himself like showing curiosity, asking a questions and laying emphasis on disruptive innovation.This kind of leadership at department levels creates the environment where more structured kind of processes to build a learning organization can take form. References: 1. ) Garvin, David A. â€Å"Building a learning organization. † Harvard Business Review (1993). 2. ) Garvin, David A. , Amy C. Edmondson, and Francesca Gino. â€Å"Is yours a learning organization. † Harvard Business Review (2008). 3. ) Darling, Marilyn, Charles Parry, and Joseph Moore. â€Å"Learning in the thick of it. † Harvard Business Review (2005).

Dorothy Smith s Approach Challenges Sociological Theory

Dorothy Smith’s approach challenges Sociological Theory and the way it has been constructed. She offered a framework to close the gap between the objective knowledge and the personal experiences that people encounters in everyday life. Most importantly, Smith challenges one of the most traditional sociological discourses of male dominance through the use of concepts, theologies, and textual concepts that confines human behavior. Her framework known as institutional ethnography constitutes that bridge between the macro and micro level in society. She also focuses in marginal groups from the micro level and the way their agency is conceptualized to and dominated by the macro level’s ruling relations. She takes women and her experiences to rebuild this framework from a standpoint of inquiry rather than social scientific inquiry. At the end, she sets forward a new goal for marginal groups inner circle to be interconnected with the subjective world and influencing the ongoin g theoretical method to find the overall meaning of women. She doesn’t only challenge the official and personal texts mediating the relation of ruling between the abstract theories and the standpoint of women, but she challenges women to be part of a sociological turn for them instead of contributing the limitations of sociological discourses and theories. While constructing the standpoint inquiry framework, Smith changes the perspective about traditional sociological theories. 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The On Download Free Music - 1182 Words

In 1998, the first websites to download free music appeared, thus making it possible for users to share mp3 files between one another online. These free sites caused CD sales to plummet 72% from 2000 to 2013. Spotify, founded in Sweden in 2006, came onto the online streaming music scene with the mission to let people listen to music they want, when they want and where they want. Spotify is different from the other sites like Napster and Limewire by giving customers legal access to a library of over 30 million pieces of music. Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon, the men behind Spotify, sought to find a way to give the public unlimited access to an exhaustive catalogue of songs, stored on servers and available online. Therefore, Spotify encourages people to abandon pirating by giving the public the ability for Internet users to get unrestricted access to music online, without breaking the law. Spotify offers two types of memberships: free and paid premium. The free users are able to listen on a phone, tablet, or computer with advertisements for a few minutes every hour. While the premium user pays $10.00 per month to listen without advertisements, unlimited skips, and the ability to listen offline. September 2011 Facebook and Spotify integrated with one another. However, Facebook did not offer Spotify exclusive access to its users. Regardless, Spotify was still able to gain about four million users after two months into its partnership with Facebook. Now, signing up for SpotifyShow MoreRelatedMusic for Free? How Free Ad-Funded Downloads Affect Consumer Choice7031 Words   |  29 Pages1007/s11747-010-0230-5 ORIGINAL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Music for free? How free ad-funded downloads affect consumer choice Dominik Papies Felix Eggers Nils Wlà ¶mert Received: 26 January 2010 / Accepted: 29 September 2010 / Published online: 20 October 2010 # Academy of Marketing Science 2010 Abstract The market for digital content (e.g., music or movies) has been affected by large numbers of Internet users downloading content for free from illegitimate sources. The music industry has been exposed most severelyRead MoreMusic for Free? How Free Ad-Funded Downloads Affect Consumer Choice7046 Words   |  29 Pages1007/s11747-010-0230-5 ORIGINAL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Music for free? How free ad-funded downloads affect consumer choice Dominik Papies Felix Eggers Nils Wlà ¶mert Received: 26 January 2010 / Accepted: 29 September 2010 / Published online: 20 October 2010 # Academy of Marketing Science 2010 Abstract The market for digital content (e.g., music or movies) has been affected by large numbers of Internet users downloading content for free from illegitimate sources. The music industry has been exposed most severelyRead MoreDownloading Music with and without Permission1045 Words   |  4 Pagesof people either download or stream music. Music apps focus on providing the public with free music to listen or download; YouTube provides the public to watch music videos. Yahoo Music, ITunes, and many other software offers streaming music to the public. There are literally billions of songs available to download, which are easy to get. All the public has to do is install a file the allows you to share programs. Anyone who has a phone or a computer can download music for free by using the internetRead MoreEssay Downloading Music from the Internet1592 Words   |  7 PagesDownloading Music from the Internet There are many ways to download music off the internet; some legal and some illegal. There are so many websites about downloading music, it can be confusing to people which ways are legal and which are not. Some sites and programs charge a monthly fee while others have consumers pay per song. Then there are others that advertise â€Å"Free Downloads† and falsely state that downloading free music is legal. There are many advantages andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Recording Industry For Apple1496 Words   |  6 PagesMusic industry professionals and Record Artists are creating opportunities for Apple that will accelerate sales and revenue for the iTunes platform. Recording artists are releasing exclusive albums on a single platform, as a method to increase album sales and sales for the platform. In 2013, U.S. recording artist Beyonce released her fifth studio album on the iTunes platform. The album was offered as a cohesive body of work with every song and video was made available with one single purchase ofRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Illegal File Sharing1571 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Industry in America is one of the most powerful music industries in the world and it consists of many record labels, nevertheless, the top three major labels are Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, and Warner Music Group. Most of music industries earn revenue by creating and selling their goods to music consumers and also music retailers. In the past, major labels or music companies sold their products through sheet music (the handwritten or printed form of music notation) thenRead MoreEssay on The Debate Over Downloading Music for Free915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Debate Over Downloading Music for Free Downloading music for free is a major issue in the world today. Some people love it and some people hate it. Musicians feel they need to be paid for people listening to their music and the average downloader feels there is no harm in downloading a few songs. Are there positives aspects of downloading music for free for musicians? Are there negative aspects of downloading music for the average person? Downloading music at a first glance doesn’t seemRead MoreRecording Industry Association Of America1144 Words   |  5 PagesA lot of us love music and in this day and age it can be hard to come by, especially if you don’t have anyway to buy online. The sound of music can affect all of us and our emotions. When we want to be in a good mood we’d probably listen to an annoying and catchy tune through our headphones. We shouldn’t have to be in trouble for giving ourselves joy. Today, I’m going to try and persuade you why illegally downloading music isnâ₠¬â„¢t wrong. 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Companies and musicians on the other hand, have a different view about downloading this music for free. They argue that have made this music and people are downloading it off the internet instead of buying it from a store. Sales in the music industry have gone down as

Health Promotion Proposal Essay - 2036 Words

1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim :To empower first time mothers who choose to breastfeed, to initiate and sustain breastfeeding exclusively for at least 3 months. This aim is appropriate to the identified health need of empowering the first time mothers by offering them active breastfeeding support, because, by helping the mothers to acquire skills the practitioners are using their own power(power-over) to help the first time mothers gain power (power-from- within).( Laverack 2009) Health promotion is enabling people to gain control over their lives. ( World Health Organisation 1986, in and Naidoo and Wills 2009). This aim is appropriate for the first time mothers who choose to breastfeed because it has been established that first time†¦show more content†¦People with high self esteem are motivated towards healthier living while those with low self esteem have limited control over their behaviour(Elwes and Simnett, 2004). Health promoters who work with this model seek to boost people’s self esteem and life skills before they can be ready to change(Green and Tones,2008).The model suggest that health related choices are influenced by psychological, social and environmental. Health action model is concerned with increasing the control people have over their lives which according to Laverack (2009), its empowerment. Unlike the Health belief model, the Health action model considers more important how people feel about themselves(Ewels and Simnett, 2004). Another useful model that explains the different stages in behaviour change was developed by Prochaska and DiClamente,(1984). Transtheoratical model is rooted in research and draws understanding from psychological theories.(Ewles and Simnett2004) The premise of this theory is that change is a process and not an event, and that people often relapse or fall back into their old patterns of behaviour before successfully reaching the maintenance stage where the new behaviour becomes the norm. The theory also acknowledges that people must ultimately change themselves, it must be their ownShow MoreRelatedA Health Promotion Proposal Is Based On The Health Belief Model ( Hbm )813 Words   |  4 PagesThe theoretical framework of this health promotion proposal is based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). HBM is one of the most commonly used theories to analyze the feasibility, barriers and perceptions of a person in adopting interventions aimed at health promotion and disease prevention (Ki m, Ahn, No, 2012). The four main constructs of the HBM are perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, and perceived severity (Yazdanpanah, Forouzani, Hojjati, 2015). MotivationalRead MoreHealth Promotion Program Proposal On Lyme Disease Prevention1634 Words   |  7 Pages Health Promotion Program Proposal on Lyme disease Prevention My health promotion program will focus on Lyme disease. My state-Maryland is number one in the list of top ten states for Lyme disease in United States. According to Physicians Now (2016), Although there were fewer cases of Lyme disease reported in 2012 than in previous years, the illness is still more common in Maryland than in many other states. There were 1,113 confirmed cases and 538 suspected cases in 2012, according to the CentersRead MoreEssay on Midterm Questions6765 Words   |  28 Pagesscored questions and 15 pilot questions on a weighted amount of the seven responsibilities. 2. The publication considered to have been the document that gave great momentum to the health promotion and disease prevention movement in America was called Healthy People: The Surgeon General’s Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Healthy People, 1979). 3. Self-breast examinations would be considered which level of prevention? Secondary 4. When a person is healthy, withoutRead MoreHealth Promotion3162 Words   |  13 Pageswill demonstrate knowledge of health promotion and its link in addressing health needs. The role of the nurse in delivering health promotion at primary, secondary and tertiary levels will be discussed and how national policy influences that delivery on the chosen topic of smoking. Barriers to health promotion will also be discussed and how these barriers could be overcome. To define health promotion, health should first be defined. 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The FCNRead MoreThe American Nurses Association ( Ana ) And Health Ministries Association1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Nurses Association (ANA) and Health Ministries Association (HMA) have described Faith Community Nursing (FCN) as a form of a specialized nursing practice carried out by a nurse within a faith community (American Nurses Association Health Ministries Association, 2012). The role played by the FCN is to protect, promote, and optimize health and abilities, prevent illness and injury, and respond to distress regarding the practice beliefs and the values of a faith community. 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Caregivers offer service to people who are not capable of performing or going through their daily routines or activities because of their physical disabilities or an illness (Gouin, Estrela, Desmarais, Barker, 2016). A coping system for dealing with mentally ill patients vary from one f amily to another for different of reasons. There haveRead MoreHealth Care Delivery Model : Transitional Care Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthe transition can be challenging for both the patient and family members, therefore, the need for PN (Chase-Ziolek, 2014). Although introduced recently in the health care delivery model, transitional care has some elements of care provided by FCNs among faith communities (Breisch, et al., 2013; Peterson, Atwood, Yates, 2002; Ziebarth Miller, 2010). For instance, the FCN can help in facilitating change related to increased knowledge on disease management. Consequently, awareness can be extended

Children Development 3-5 Years Free Essays

3 – 5 YEARS PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Buttons/unbuttons own clothing, cut out simple shapes, draw a person with head, trunk and legs, walk on a line, aim and throw ball, hop on one foot, form letters; write own name, colour in pictures, completes 20-piece jigsaw, skip with a rope, run quickly and able to avoid obstacles, throw large ball to a partner and catch it. Run, jump, begin to climb ladders; can start to ride tricycles; try anything; is very active. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT Understand concepts like grouping and matching, identify parts of a whole, draw, name, and briefly explain pictures, actively seek information. We will write a custom essay sample on Children Development 3-5 Years or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tell their full name and age, show awareness of past and present, play with words, mimicking and creating sounds, and make rhymes, point to and name many colors, understand order and process, draw a person with detail, learn both by observing and listening to adults’ explanations. Begins to notice differences in the way men and women act. Imitate adults. Continue to learn through senses. Begin to see cause-and-effect relationships. Are curious and inquisitive. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Retell a story (but may confuse facts) Combine thoughts into one sentence Ask â€Å"when? â€Å", â€Å"how? † and â€Å"why? † questions. Use words like â€Å"can,† â€Å"will,† â€Å"shall,† â€Å"should,† and â€Å"might†. Combine thoughts into one sentence. Refer to causality by using â€Å"because† and â€Å"so† Follow three unrelated commands. Understand comparatives like loud, louder, loudest. Understand sequencing of events when clearly explained. Listen to a long story. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Seem sure of self. May not obey limits, tests rules, and often says no. Need freedom with limits. Self-assured, stable and well-adjusted. Like to be around mother and like to be at home. Like to follow rules. Like being given jobs to do. Can wait for their needs to be met, can feel secure when in a strange place away from their main carers, are less rebellious and use language rather then physical outbursts to express themselves. May have imaginary fears and anxieties. Project their own experiences onto dolls and toys. Show awareness of their own feelings and those of others, and talk about feeling. Similar essay: How Different Types of Transitions Can Affect Children How to cite Children Development 3-5 Years, Essay examples

Strategy of an Organisation

Question: Expalinhow to managethe strategy of an organisation. Answer: Introduction Managing the strategy of an organisation is an essential activity of the management. The paper has been developed to conduct a strategic analysis of Nintendo. Nintendo is a consumer goods producing company of Japan, established in the year 1889. Currently, the company has a large range of product portfolio that supports the demand of the consumers includes gaming devices such as Wii U and Wii, Nintendo 3DS as well as Nintendo DS and games including Super Mario, Pokmon, Donkey Kong and Metroid (https://www.nintendo.com/, 2016). Nintendo has been identified as the world largest video gaming company with its latest technology and innovative products. Its principle competitors and products are Sony's PS4 and Microsoft's Xbox (Adam Hartung, 2016). The study has indentified the problems faced by the company such as expiry of product lifecycle and inadequate strategy to compete. Along with that, the immense competition in the market and changing taste of the consumers has created issues for the company to carry on its growth (https://www.nintendo.com/, 2016). The report will focus on strategic direction of Nintendo which include analysis of external environment using PESTEL and Porters five forces. The internal environment will be analysed through VRIO, SWOT and other Strategic analysis. In order to overcome the strategic problems, necessary strategic changes have been recommended that are required to achieve the missions, vision and objectives of the company. Mission, vision and objective statements Nintendo has aimed to become the leading company of the electronic gaming console industry. The company is strongly committed to their target demographics to provide best products and support assistance in services. Best product manufacturing and marketing is another vital corporate mission of the organisation. Meanwhile, the organisation has truly committed towards the market customers providing products with highest quality. Along with that, the one of the primary missions of Nintendo is to deal the customers attentively to improve the customer services and product services. Moreover, the organisation has identified the responsibility committed towards the employees so that the human resources can establish commitment and enthusiasm to provide excellent support services (https://www.nintendo.com/, 2016). High quality product manufacturing and best product services can be identified as the main agenda of the vision statement. By listening to the target customers closely, the brand h as wanted to establish a unique stage for the customers. Primarily, in the next couple of years, the electronics manufacturing organisation has promised to take maximum market shares from the competitors such as Sony Corporation to become the leader of the pack (Barney and Hesterly, 2006). In terms of current objective statement, new technological advancement and innovation in electronic products have been identified as the key factors to success of the organisation. Arguably, at the present business scenario, the mission and vision statement are not smart enough to support the objectives and business goals. To motivate the subordinates, the organisational management must step forward providing significant business training to achieve the targets. Also, to put the focus on the objectives, clear and unique goals must be identified to support the business. As a result of the scenario, the current vision statement can be changed according to the objectives of Nintendo.Currently, there are some issues in the financial status as some of the mission and vision statements have remained underperformed. Nintendo should establish new mission statements: "Innovate high-quality and unique entertainment products and provides value services accessible to universal.", and the mission statement comes along with the company's vision statement: "Bringing people closer together." make it more powerful, compelling and memorable when communicating with employees Macro Environmental analysis An environmental analysis is required to observe the factors that are creating different issues for the Nintendo to grow in the current business scenario. A PESTEL analysis and Porters five force analysis has been presented in this section to analyse the market factors and industry in which Nintendo is operating. PESTEL Analysis A PESTEL analysis has been presented for Nintendo herein below:Political Factors: It is important to note that the political instability in different countries have made it difficult for the company to carry on with its current strategy. There is a need of flexible strategy that will help the company overcome the political burdens (Porter, 2008). The changes in the tax rates and trading policies have created problems for the company. Hence, the political factor can be identified as a threat for the international business environment.Economic Factors: A financial downturn can be evident in the world economy that has created problem for the company to carry on with its present strategy (Ficklscherer et al., 2016). The financial downturn has resulted in low income of the people that reduced the sales of the company. Hence, the current economic factor acts as threat for the company.Socio-cultural Factors: The changes in the cultural factors and taste of the consumers have led to increase in the demand for electronic products. Hence, it provides the electronic manufacturers with an opportunity to grow its business with a product differentiation strategy (Plow and Finlayson, 2011). Technological Factors: Developing technology acts as a boon as well as curse for the electronic manufacturers. It helps the producers to create innovative products as well as supports the competitors to develop substitute products that provide Nintendo with high level of competition (Ficklscherer et al., 2016). Hence, the technological factors act as a threat to the international electronic industry.Environmental Factors: The changes in the environmental regulations have made it mandatory for the producers to imply corporate social responsibilities to have a competitive advantage in the market (Plow and Finlayson, 2011). Hence, it increases the expenditure of the companies operating in the global electronic industry.Legal Factors: The companies operating in the electronic industry needs to meet several legal obligations related to production of electronic products. Some of the major legal obligations are Consumer Protection Act, Environmental legislations, proper licensing and others. Hence, it acts as threat to the global industry (Ficklscherer et al., 2016). Porters Five Forces Porters five forces analysis has been presented below to observe the current situation of the industry in which Nintendo is operating:Buyers Bargaining Power: The buyers bargaining power is high in the market because of availability of huge number of electronic goods producing companies in the market. Hence, the company faces a huge competition in the market (Plow and Finlayson, 2013). There is a need of product differentiation and competitive pricing policy that will help the company to carry on its growth in the market.Suppliers Bargaining Power: There are a huge number of suppliers in the electronic products industry that reduces the power of the suppliers. Hence, the company can shift from one supplier to another to minimise its cost of production and have competitive advantage in the market (Huang et al., 2015).Threats of current Rivalry: Looking into the statistical figures of the electronic industry, it can be seen that there are a huge number electronic producers in the marke t that sell innovative products at a lower price (Kim, Lee and Shin, 2015). Hence, the threats from current rivalry in high in the electronic industry.Threats of Substitution: The threat of substitution for Nintendo is high because of the presence of low grade Chinese and Japanese products in the market (Plow and Finlayson, 2013). Along with that, Sony is a major competitor of Nintendo that produces play station and gaming consoles. Threats of new entry: The threats from new entrants is medium because any company entering the electronics market need a huge investment to compete major companies like Nintendo and Sony (Kim, Lee and Shin, 2015). Capability analysis Value Chain Analysis The value chain analysis of Nintendo has been segmented in two different sections such as demand fulfilment and demand generation. In case of demand fulfilment, inbound logistics, operations and outbound logistics have been followed. The inbound logistic performs materials handling, warehousing and controlling the inventory. Packaging, assembling and conversions have been done in operations (Ouzrout et al., 2009). Finally, order processing, shipment and delivery have been done in outbound logistics (Plow and Finlayson, 2011). Demand generation segment includes marketing and sales and after sales service have been promoted to create significant development. Effective marketing and services have boosted the business structure of Nintendo. The support activities of value chain include procurement, technological development, human resources and modern infrastructure to show the strengths. A value chain model has been presented below:Managing the strategy of an organi sation is an essential activity of the management. The paper has been developed to conduct a strategic analysis of Nintendo. Nintendo is a consumer goods producing company of Japan, established in the year 1889. Currently, the company has a large range of product portfolio that supports the demand of the consumers includes gaming devices such as Wii U and Wii, Nintendo 3DS as well as Nintendo DS and games including Super Mario, Pokmon, Donkey Kong and Metroid (https://www.nintendo.com/, 2016). Nintendo has been identified as the world largest video gaming company with its latest technology and innovative products. Its principle competitors and products are Sony's PS4 and Microsoft's Xbox (Adam Hartung, 2016). The study has indentified the problems faced by the company such as expiry of product lifecycle and inadequate strategy to compete. Along with that, the immense competition in the market and changing taste of the consumers has created issues for the company to carry on its grow th (https://www.nintendo.com/, 2016). The report will focus on strategic direction of Nintendo which include analysis of external environment using PESTEL and Porters five forces. The internal environment will be analysed through VRIO, SWOT and other Strategic analysis. In order to overcome the strategic problems, necessary strategic changes have been recommended that are required to achieve the missions, vision and objectives of the company. Mission, vision and objective statements Nintendo has aimed to become the leading company of the electronic gaming console industry. The company is strongly committed to their target demographics to provide best products and support assistance in services. Best product manufacturing and marketing is another vital corporate mission of the organisation. Meanwhile, the organisation has truly committed towards the market customers providing products with highest quality. Along with that, the one of the primary missions of Nintendo is to deal the customers attentively to improve the customer services and product services. Moreover, the organisation has identified the responsibility committed towards the employees so that the human resources can establish commitment and enthusiasm to provide excellent support services (https://www.nintendo.com/, 2016). High quality product manufacturing and best product services can be identified as the main agenda of the vision statement. By listening to the target customers closely, the brand h as wanted to establish a unique stage for the customers. Primarily, in the next couple of years, the electronics manufacturing organisation has promised to take maximum market shares from the competitors such as Sony Corporation to become the leader of the pack (Barney and Hesterly, 2006). In terms of current objective statement, new technological advancement and innovation in electronic products have been identified as the key factors to success of the organisation. Arguably, at the present business scenario, the mission and vision statement are not smart enough to support the objectives and business goals. To motivate the subordinates, the organisational management must step forward providing significant business training to achieve the targets. Also, to put the focus on the objectives, clear and unique goals must be identified to support the business. As a result of the scenario, the current vision statement can be changed according to the objectives of Nintendo.Currently, there are some issues in the financial status as some of the mission and vision statements have remained underperformed. Nintendo should establish new mission statements: "Innovate high-quality and unique entertainment products and provides value services accessible to universal.", and the mission statement comes along with the company's vision statement: "Bringing people closer together." make it more powerful, compelling and memorable when communicating with employees. Macro Environmental analysis An environmental analysis is required to observe the factors that are creating different issues for the Nintendo to grow in the current business scenario. A PESTEL analysis and Porters five force analysis has been presented in this section to analyse the market factors and industry in which Nintendo is operating. PESTEL Analysis A PESTEL analysis has been presented for Nintendo herein below:Political Factors: It is important to note that the political instability in different countries have made it difficult for the company to carry on with its current strategy. There is a need of flexible strategy that will help the company overcome the political burdens (Porter, 2008). The changes in the tax rates and trading policies have created problems for the company. Hence, the political factor can be identified as a threat for the international business environment.Economic Factors: A financial downturn can be evident in the world economy that has created problem for the company to carry on with its present strategy (Ficklscherer et al., 2016). The financial downturn has resulted in low income of the people that reduced the sales of the company. Hence, the current economic factor acts as threat for the company.Socio-cultural Factors: The changes in the cultural factors and taste of the consumers have led to increase in the demand for electronic products. Hence, it provides the electronic manufacturers with an opportunity to grow its business with a product differentiation strategy (Plow and Finlayson, 2011). Technological Factors: Developing technology acts as a boon as well as curse for the electronic manufacturers. It helps the producers to create innovative products as well as supports the competitors to develop substitute products that provide Nintendo with high level of competition (Ficklscherer et al., 2016). Hence, the technological factors act as a threat to the international electronic industry.Environmental Factors: The changes in the environmental regulations have made it mandatory for the producers to imply corporate social responsibilities to have a competitive advantage in the market (Plow and Finlayson, 2011). Hence, it increases the expenditure of the companies operating in the global electronic industry.Legal Factors: The companies operating in the electronic industry needs to meet several legal obligations related to production of electronic products. Some of the major legal obligations are Consumer Protection Act, Environmental legislations, proper licensing and others. Hence, it acts as threat to the global industry (Ficklscherer et al., 2016). Porters Five Forces Porters five forces analysis has been presented below to observe the current situation of the industry in which Nintendo is operating:Buyers Bargaining Power: The buyers bargaining power is high in the market because of availability of huge number of electronic goods producing companies in the market. Hence, the company faces a huge competition in the market (Plow and Finlayson, 2013). There is a need of product differentiation and competitive pricing policy that will help the company to carry on its growth in the market.Suppliers Bargaining Power: There are a huge number of suppliers in the electronic products industry that reduces the power of the suppliers. Hence, the company can shift from one supplier to another to minimise its cost of production and have competitive advantage in the market (Huang et al., 2015).Threats of current Rivalry: Looking into the statistical figures of the electronic industry, it can be seen that there are a huge number electronic producers in the marke t that sell innovative products at a lower price (Kim, Lee and Shin, 2015). Hence, the threats from current rivalry in high in the electronic industry.Threats of Substitution: The threat of substitution for Nintendo is high because of the presence of low grade Chinese and Japanese products in the market (Plow and Finlayson, 2013). Along with that, Sony is a major competitor of Nintendo that produces play station and gaming consoles. Threats of new entry: The threats from new entrants is medium because any company entering the electronics market need a huge investment to compete major companies like Nintendo and Sony (Kim, Lee and Shin, 2015). Capability analysis Value Chain Analysis The value chain analysis of Nintendo has been segmented in two different sections such as demand fulfilment and demand generation. In case of demand fulfilment, inbound logistics, operations and outbound logistics have been followed. The inbound logistic performs materials handling, warehousing and controlling the inventory. Packaging, assembling and conversions have been done in operations (Ouzrout et al., 2009). Finally, order processing, shipment and delivery have been done in outbound logistics (Plow and Finlayson, 2011). Demand generation segment includes marketing and sales and after sales service have been promoted to create significant development. Effective marketing and services have boosted the business structure of Nintendo. The support activities of value chain include procurement, technological development, human resources and modern infrastructure to show the strengths. A value chain model has been presented below: Tough Market Competition: Identifying the current scen ario of the market, Nintendo has faced significant market competition from competitors such as Sony and Microsoft. Latest gaming consoles launched by the competitors have captured the maximum market share from the organisation (Hilman, 2015). Latest Technology in Gaming Industry: Modern technology in the gaming industry has been another issue in business model. As the technology has been updated on a regular basis, the life-cycle of the products has been shortened very fast (Lapersonne, 2013). Therefore, it creates problem for the gaming console manufacturing company like Nintendo. Lack of Innovation: On the other side, the RD team of Nintendo has failed to launch net set of innovative gaming software or consoles to beat the competitors products. Therefore, the business sector of the company has shrunken notably in the recent couple of years. Proposed strategy Porters Generic Strategy In order to create competitive advantage in the market, Nintendo must identify cost focus in the narrow market whereas in terms of broader perspective product differentiation will be evident based on Porters Generic Strategies. Meanwhile, the company will follow business level strategy as there is still an opportunity to stabilise its position in the industry (Eldring, 2009). Hence, the company does not need any corporate level strategy such as merger and acquisition. In the Appendix D, Porters Generic Strategies for competitive advantage has been shown. Through the identification of existing scenario of Nintendo, the cost of the products must be increased to penetrate the segment markets at a robust pace (Thompson, Strickland and Gamble, 2008). By focusing on the product cost, the organisation should identify alternative ways to manage cost of manufacturing so that latest gaming consoles can be offered to the target demographics at an affordable price range for narrow time frame. On the other hand, in broader perspective, the RD team of the organisation needs to invent some unique gaming consoles and software that can set a new trend in the upcoming future (Cohen, 2006). Such advanced decision making must required additional financial funding to promote differentiation. In order to identify the success of the proposed strategy, the organisations position and market share must be analysed. By targeting the prime customers for the products, effective sales target can be promoted to be achieved (Pearson, 2009). On the other hand product differentiation can provide new objectives at the broader market perspective. As the current market of the gaming consoles has significant demand of latest gaming software, the organisation can utilise the opportunity to improve the sales and net income (De Kluyver and Pearce, 2009). Currently, innovation is a key challenge for the business of the company. Hence, product differentiation may provide the edge over the current situat ion. The best selling provide can supply the profit margin required by the organisation for success. Acceptability The latest strategy must be utilised promptly to understand the effect on the sales of the products. Meanwhile, the success rate of the strategy must be described to the management to meet the expectations of the stakeholders. Through the identification of standard procedure of the strategy, a list-to-do must be developed to analyse the risk and reward (Lapersonne, 2013). Moreover, the strategy must identify the level of competitive advantage to be drawn through this move. The critical factors and advantage of the product differentiation strategy will certainly help the organisation to recover the lost pride in the upcoming business environment. Feasibility Nintendo has a good market research and development team capable of developing innovative ideas and products. Though the company is passing through financial downturn, it can apply for new loans to invest on product development. It can hire new talents and buy new ideas from the market (Ghamari, 2010). Hence, the product differentiation strategy with a focus in narrow market segment is the suitable strategy to maintain its growth and achieve its mission, vision and objectives. Conclusion and recommendations Analysing the strategic scenario of Nintendo, it can be seen that the company needs a product differentiation focus strategy to achieve its mission, vision and objectives. A product differentiation for the segmented market will help the company to fight the immense competition against Sony. Along with that, the company needs to invest capital on research and development to produce innovative product. It can focus on developing new products other than gaming consoles to seek growth in the market. The new products will help the company to achieve competitive advantage in the market and have a better market positioning. For instance, the new product category may include Real-time strategy video games that can be played via personal computers. Such gaming products can open up new market for the company. Furthermore, the company has announced the release of new NX console by March 2017 to support the business. Herein, The Verge has been utilised tactically by the organisation to promote i nnovative products such as Power Glove, Wii U Gamepad, Beam Gun, Wii Nunchuk Controller and Wii U Pro Controller for additional business development in the target market. The latest Nintendo products will certainly create a market sensation to establish the market authentication within the gaming console industry. References Adam Hartung (2016) Pokmon GO': How Nintendo Beat Sony And Microsoft By Using Trends| Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamhartung/2016/07/15/pokemon-go-how-nintendo-beat-sony-and-microsoft-by-using-trends/#2fc35160669fBarney, J. and Hesterly, W. (2006). Strategic management and competitive advantage. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Bresser, R. and Powalla, C. (2012). Practical implications of the resource-based view. Zeitschrift fr Betriebswirtschaft, 82(4), pp.335-359.Cardeal, N. (2012). Valuable, rare, inimitable resources and organization (VRIO) resources or valuable, rare, inimitable resources (VRI) capabilities: What leads to competitive advantage?. Afr. J. Bus. Manage., 6(37).Cohen, C. (2006). Evaluation learning circles: A sole proprietor's evaluation capacity-building strategy.New Directions for Evaluation, 2006(111), pp.85-93.De Kluyver, C. and Pearce, J. (2009). Strategy. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Eldring, J. (2009). Po rter's (1980) generic strategies, performance and risk. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.Ficklscherer, A., Stapf, J., Meissner, K., Niethammer, T., Lahner, M., Wagenhuser, M., Mller, P. and Pietschmann, M. (2016). Testing the feasibility and safety of the Nintendo Wii gaming console in orthopedic rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled study. Archives of Medical Science.Financials.morningstar.com. (2016). Growth, Profitability, and Financial Ratios for Nintendo Co Ltd ADR (NTDOY). [online] Available at: https://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=NTDOYregion=USAculture=en_US [Accessed Aug. 2016].Ghamari, J. (2010). Conceptualization of Competitive Advantage and Sustainable Competitive Advantage, the Question of Diversity. SSRN Electronic Journal.Hashai, N. and Delios, A. (2012). Balancing growth across geographic diversification and product diversification: A contingency approach. International Business Review, 21(6), pp.1052-1064.Hilman, H. (2015). Significance of Studying Pr oduct Diversification, Geographic Diversification, and Their Interaction Impacts for Malaysian Companies: A Literature Review. Asian Social Science, 11(10).Huang, K., Dyerson, R., Wu, L. and Harindranath, G. (2015). From Temporary Competitive Advantage to Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Brit J Manage, 26(4), pp.617-636.Hutzschenreuter, T. and Horstkotte, J. (2012). Performance effects of top management team demographic faultlines in the process of product diversification. Strat. Mgmt. J., 34(6), pp.704-726.Kim, S., Lee, J. and Shin, K. (2015). The impact of project management assets on the VRIO characteristics of PM process for competitive advantage. IJPQM, 15(2), p.153.Lapersonne, A. (2013). Managing Multiple Sources of Competitive Advantage in a Complex Competitive Environment. Future Studies Research Journal: Trends and Strategies, 5(2), pp.221-251.Marketwatch.com. (2016). Sony Corp. ADR. [online] Available at: https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/sne/financials [Access ed Aug. 2016].Morningstar.com. (2016). NTDOY Nintendo Co Ltd ADR PINX:NTDOY Stock Quote Price News. [online] Available at: https://www.morningstar.com/stocks/PINX/NTDOY/quote.html [Accessed Aug. 2016].Nintendo.com. (2016). | Nintendo - Corporate Information | Corporate Mission and Philosophy. [online] Available at: https://www.nintendo.com/corp/mission.jsp [Accessed Aug. 2016].Nowakowski, J. (2015). Evaluation for Strategy Setting. American Journal of Evaluation, 6(4), pp.57-61.Pearson, G. (2009). Strategy in action. New York: Prentice Hall.Plow, M. and Finlayson, M. (2011). Potential Benefits of Nintendo Wii Fit Among People with Multiple Sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care, 13(1), pp.21-30.Plow, M. and Finlayson, M. (2013). Potential Benefits of Nintendo Wii Fit Among People with Multiple Sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care, 15(S1), pp.13-23.Porter, M. (2008). Competitive strategy. New York: Free Press.Thompson, A., Strickland, A. and Gamble, J. (2008). Crafting an d executing strategy. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Valentin, E. (2013). Five Lethal Product Development and Diversification Traps. Journal of Product Brand Management, 2(2), pp.48-58.Wexler, A. and Wexler, S. (2014). The Compulsive Gambler Working in the Gaming Industry. Gaming Law Review, 8(2), pp.103-105.